On November the 10th in the middle of the night, a big police operation took place behind the main bus station in Belgrade and the parking lot near the so-called “Afghan Park”. 109 people were put into buses and brought to the closed camp in Preševo near the Macedonian border. From here, people are being pushed back on a constant basis. Behind the bus station at the moment more than 700 refugees remain in empty warehouses and around 30 people are currently sleeping in the parking where night temperatures are at an average of 1 degree. During the whole operation, although the people were very scared, they stayed remarkably calm and peaceful. Police did not use actual physical force, but were sometimes deceitful towards the migrants by threatening them and lying over the buses’ destination in order to get them to move from the city.

From around 3.30am until 5.50am there was police, civil police, SAJ (Special Anti-Terrorist Unit), Commissariat, Intervention Brigade and Gendarmerie roaming around two of the three main sleeping places of the refugees in Belgrade, trying to persuade them to get into the buses. It is estimated that the forces amounted 300 individuals, altogether. Most of them were wearing helmets and shields. The majority stayed in around the warehouses behind the main bus station but there were also a few in the parking lot next to Afghan Park. There was however no Police presence in the parking lot near the Info Park, where around 120 people sleep. This, most probably in order to keep the action silent and without publicity, as the parking lots are the most visible spots and as in the parking next to Info Park a bigger number of people sleep.

Different methods of getting the people out of their living quarters were used. In the parking they got woken up rudely and were kicked, but fortunately according to the people most refugees left hastily, leaving all their stuff, before being surrounded and thus meaning that nobody was taken. In the warehouses, some groups were woken up by civil policemen or UNCHR members who asked for somebody who speaks English, questioned if they wouldn’t prefer to go to a camp considering the current weather conditions and the fact that in the next days the buildings would soon be torn down. They said they would bring them to Preševo Camp and when asked, they promised they would not get deported as long they remained peaceful. Others were told that they would get transported to a camp, unclear which one, but were promised a good and open space. They were told that if they refused, they would be all deported to Macedonia. This all happened while the police and SAJ completely surrounded the complex of warehouses. Members of the UNHCR were part of the negotiations with the migrants also, as they were the only ones allowed to enter. For the few NGOs present, the only possibility to observe the events was from a distance of 50 meters away. Outsiders were given no statement about the whereabouts of where refugees would be brought, nor given any information about the entire operation. Instead police simply noted personal data and pushed people away who were trying to get closer.

Many refugees came out of the warehouses to see what was happening, others, as they were terrified and in order to escape and to hide, got on the roof or left the area while it was still possible. After a while, people were told to leave the buildings and waiting outside – in middle of the night with temperatures bordering 2 degrees. Inside the buildings people made many small fires for heating. At some point, blankets were thrown on some of the fires – the windows were ablaze with light and smoke rose up. Only one firetrack was present. It was thankfully not needed in the end. It should be noted that the refugees, despited being attacked in this manner, remained calm, only giving out sporadic shouts.

Next to the 300-men police chain, there were eight buses parked and one next to the Afghan Park. Six of these drove away empty, minutes after 5am. Three of them went half full containing a total of 109 people. One family was confirmed present, the rest were unaccompanied men and some minors. Only very few left voluntarily, the rest were forced by the polices‘ threats.

Those in the buses arrived in the late morning in Preševo and were registered there. The camp was previously told to be prepared to register 600 new people. In light of this fact, and the of the huge effort that was planed to be made, in order to take in a lot of people, it is likely that the police will continue to raid the sleeping places in Belgrade in the coming days. According to the Commissariat, the UNCHR organised the buses (from the company “Lasto”). But the fact is that such raids need a lot of planning and a bigger structure behind them, most likely to be from the Ministry of Labour itself, which is in charge of the Commissariat, and the UNHCR was just used as an intermediate.

After the buses left, the tension was slightly relieved. Some people were again able to move in and out of the building. But as the people tried to come down from the roof, some fell down and injured themselves. This left people with broken legs and one with a broken arm and several other light injuries. It is worth mentioning that during the whole action there was no emergency nor medical support and help came only once it was privately called. MSF showed up and provided medical help after the police were gone.

At approximately 5.40am and with the early signs of daylight, the first media channel showed up, conveniently just a moment after the police and buses had left. Migrants gave general information about what had just happened and asked questions about what could happen in future, considering the current situation in Belgrade.

According to an NGO, some policemen stated that they would be back in the coming days. Several refugees started to discuss about a protest/march to the borders due to this information and members of the present NGOs tried to convince them not to. One reaction after hearing about how dangerous that scenario could be was: “I am not afraid. What else could happen? They even could shoot on me, shoot, just shoot. I cannot lose more.”

Comparing the atmosphere of the March of hope in July from Belgrade to the Hungarian border where in the camp Horgoš people shouted “Thank you Serbia” and wrote “Thank you Serbian police” on their cheeks and said: “Bulgaria, Hungary – big problem, Serbia good!”, the situation has now changed completely. One refugee said: “It is dangerous everywhere: in camps, at the borders, in Belgrade. Serbia is a big problem for us”.

It is a well-known fact that since the beginning, migrants who stay for longer periods of time within the city of Belgrade are an inconvenience for the government. As they often don’t want to stay in camps, people on the move in Belgrade are either in public parks, in squatted old warehouses or in parking lots, all located within 500m from one another in the center of the city. Therefore, they are not only too visible but hard to control. In this regard, there have been different attempts from the authorities to reduce the numbers of migrants in the city, such as, in the end of October, revoking the permission for distributing food, and the latest and most direct one, the partial eviction of the main living space of the migrants. With the rapidly falling temperatures and the fast-approaching winter as reasons, it is the government’s and NGOs’ target to place everybody in camps, regardless if that means to overcrowded, lack of basic conditions or push-back “Camps”.

Abandoned sleeping places in Afghan Park’s parking lot I

Abandoned sleeping places in Afghan Park’s parking lot II

Bus next to Afghan Park waiting for departure

Massive police presence

Police chains surrounding the squatted warehouse I

Police chains surrounding the squatted warehouse II

Buses waiting for departure next to the squatted warehouse

The firetruck next to the squatted warehouse

Inside the transfer buses to Preševo

Until March this year, the camp in Preševo was the entry point for thousands of people from Macedonia into Serbia on their way North. Now, it turned into the opposite: the last stop in Serbia before people are pushed back south, to Macedonia.

For several weeks now, the Serbian police has been bringing people on the move to the now closed reception centre in Preševo. These are people that have been staying in camps in the North before, for example in Subotica and Sid as well as in Belgrade. Many people have launched their asylm process in Serbia. Nonetheless, they are pushed-back by the Serbian authorities. It is reported that the Serbian authorities destroies their asylum papers in order to destroy all prove that these people have been in Serbia before. The push-backs are against the all international conventions and violate the asylum right of these people. The push-backs appear to happen in large numbers to make space in the reception centres, as Serbia has not enough spaces in reception centres for all the people currently stranded in Serbia. Except for few unaccompanied minors and families all people who are brought to Preševo camp are subsequently pushed-back to Macedonia. Those vulnerable families and minors have been transferred to a new camp in Bujanovac, 20km north from Preševo.

Preševo camp is currently completely closed, that means only registered NGOs, Police and the Commissariat are authorized to enter and exit. Until a few weeks ago, it was reported that around 50 people per day were still allowed to go out for a few hours. Also, some people have consistently managed to escape. Now, however, neither seems to be possible anymore. The camp is now well-guarded by police and army, surrounded by houses and private properties. People who tried to escape unsuccessfully, reported that they were caught in the surroundings and violently forced to return to the camp.

The large camp consists of an old industrial building and tents with currently hold around 700 people¹ (families, minors and single men) but the number fluctuates a lot, depending on how many people are brought to Preševo from different parts of Serbia and on how many people are pushed-back. The accommodation inside the camp seem to be acceptable, people reported that is the best camp in Serbia they have ever been in, with good food, great medical supply, childcare, enough space and enough “non-food items”. However, the imminent push-backs gloom over the camp.

Near to Preševo, in the Bujanovac town, there is another closed camp, which opened on the 14th of October². Families and unaccompanied minors who were in Preševo before or in other camps in Serbia have been transferred there. It is a big building, a former battery factory, with a garden. At the moment, there are around 200 people living there (8-12 people per room). Although the official capacity is supposed to be 250², the rooms are already full and some people have to sleep on the floor. In addition to the insufficient space, there is only one shower for the around 200 people and the food distributed is not sufficient. People receive 3 meals per day, however, they the only fresh food they receive is one fruit for dinner. Further, there is neither tea, coffee nor biscuits. Clothes are also insufficient. In order to ask for new clothes people can write their name on a list and subsequently have to wait for a very long time to get them. There are certain NGOs present like Caritas, UNHCR, Kinderberg and a medical aid organisation as well as IOM (International Organisation of Migration). People report that a good childcare is offered but it is said that in Preševo the conditions are better. As this “reception centre” is closed, visitors are not allowed to enter and the Commissariat tries to forbid all interaction with visitors who arrive outside of the camp. Bujanovac however is so far not as highly guarded as Preševo. Tuesdays till Saturdays, 15 people are allowed to go outside for six hours. As most people in this camp are from Afghanistan, Iraq or Syria, around 5 people from each country are allowed to exit. The people in Bujanovac can also put their names on the waiting lists for crossing the Hungarian border legally. Although no push backs have been reported from this camp yet, it remains unresolved why the people are not allowed to move freely and are held so closed to the Macedonian border.

Bujanovac front side

Bujanovac Access

Bujanovac entrance

Bujanovac Yard

Bujanovac Yard II

Inside Bujanovac I

Inside Bujanovac II

Inside Bujanovac III

The inputs and statements in the following text have been collected in direct dialogue with people who have been living in both mentioned camps and are directly affected by the current situation in Serbia. Since the time this was written (1/11/2016), some details may have changed.

¹http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/documents.php?page=1&view=grid&Search=%23serbia%23

²http://www.housingcenter.org.rs/